Paraffin wax, colourless or white, somewhat translucent, hard wax consisting of a mixture of solid straight-chain hydrocarbons ranging in melting point from about 48° to 66° C (120° to 150° F). Paraffin wax is obtained from petroleum by dewaxing light lubricating oil stocks. It is used in candles, wax paper, polishes, cosmetics, and electrical insulators. Infiltration period (sec) Infiltration height (cm)energy density = 0.0408 J/mm2 energy density = 0.0544 J/mm2 energy density = 0.0748 J/mm2 energy density = 0.0884 J/mm2 Figure 5 Variation of infiltration height of red wax in the sintered CF specimens, infiltration temperature was kept at 63°C - 64°C. Watt density takes into account the amount of power being applied (watts), the time it is being applied (minute) and the amount of material it is being applied to (Foot2). Once the watt density is known to get a particular material to a certain dyne level, it can be used to predict the results if any of the parameters change such as line speed.
Densities of common products in both Imperial and SI-units
Note! - be aware that for many of the products listed below there is a difference between 'bulk density' and actual 'solid or material density'. This may not be clear in the description of the products. Always double check the values with other sources before important calculations.
Energy Density Of Candle Wax
Material | Density (lb/ft3) |
---|---|
ABS resin, pellet | 45 |
Acetic acid, liquid | 66 |
Acetone | 49 |
Acid phosphate | 60 |
Acrylic resin | 33 |
Adipic acid, powder | 45 |
Air - atmospheric pressure | 0.0749 |
Alcohol, methyl | 49 |
Alfalfa, ground | 16 |
Almonds, shelled | 30 - 35 |
Alum powder | 50 |
Alumina | 60 |
Aluminum hydrate | 18 |
Aluminum oxide | 60 - 100 |
Aluminum silicate | 35 - 45 |
Aluminum, powder | 45 - 80 |
Aluminum, shavings | 7 - 15 |
Ammonium nitrate, prill | 45 - 60 |
Ammonium sulphate | 40 - 58 |
Apple seed | 32 |
Asbestos fibers | 20 - 25 |
Asbestos ore, rock | 81 |
Ash, coal, damp | 45 - 50 |
Ash, coal, dry | 35 - 45 |
Asphalt, liquid | 65 |
Aviation fuel (jp-4) | 49 |
Bakalite, powder | 30 - 40 |
Baking powder | 40 - 45 |
Baking soda | 70 - 80 |
Ball clay | 25 |
Bagasse - exiting the final mill | 7.5 |
Bagasse - stacked to 2 metre height (moisture = 44%) | 11 |
Bark, wood refuse | 10 - 20 |
Barley, flour | 25 - 30 |
Barley, ground | 25 - 30 |
Barley, kernal | 35 - 40 |
Barley, malted | 31 |
Barytes, powdered | 131 |
Bauxite, crushed | 75 - 85 |
Beans, caster | 36 |
Beans, coffee | 22 - 40 |
Beans, lima | 45 |
Beans, navy | 48 |
Beans, soy | 45 - 47 |
Bentonite, lump | 25 - 40 |
Bentonite, powder | 50 - 60 |
Bicarbonate of soda | 41 |
Blood, dry | 35 - 45 |
Bone meal | 55 - 60 |
Borate of lime | 50 - 70 |
Borax | 50 - 70 |
Boric acid powder | 55 |
Bran, oat | 25 |
Bran, wheat | 15 - 20 |
Brewers grain | 27 |
Brewers grits | 33 |
Brick | 110 |
Bronze chips | 30 - 50 |
Buckwheat | 34 - 42 |
Buckwheat flour | 40 |
Butter | 54 |
Buttermilk powder | 25 - 30 |
Cake mix | 30 - 40 |
Calcium carbide | 75 |
Calcium carbonate | 75 |
Calcium oxide | 27 |
Cane - whole stick, tangled and tamped down as in a cane transport vehicle | 12.5 |
Cane - whole stick, neatly bundled | 25 |
Cane - billetted | 22 |
Cane - whole stick tangled, but loosely tipped into cane carrier | 10 |
Cane - knifed | 18 |
Cane - shredded | 20 |
Carbide powder | 100 |
Carborundum 75mm | 10 |
Carbon black powder | 4 - 25 |
Carbon black, pellet | 20 - 45 |
Carbon tetrachloride | - |
Carbon, granulated, activated | 50 - 60 |
Carbon, graphite | 40 |
Casein powder | 35 - 40 |
Cashew nuts | 32 - 37 |
Caster beans | 36 |
Cat food | 20 - 25 |
Cellophane, flocking | 5 |
Cellulose acetate | 10 |
Cellulose, flocking | 1.5 - 3 |
Cement powder, portland | 85 - 95 |
Cement, clinker | 75 - 90 |
Cereal flake | 12 |
Chalk, fine | 70 - 75 |
Chalk, lump | 85 - 90 |
Charcoal | 15 - 30 |
Chromium ore | 135 |
Cinders, coal | 40 - 50 |
Citric acid | 55 |
Clay, attapulgus | 55 |
Clay, ball | 25 |
Clay, bentonite | 51 |
Clay, calcined | 80 |
Clay, dicalite | 20 - 50 |
Clay, kaoline | 20 - 60 |
Clay, sno-brite | 15 - 50 |
Clay, whitex | 15 - 50 |
Clinker, cement | 80 |
Clinker, coal | 80 - 90 |
Coal, ground | 40 |
Coal, lump | 45 - 55 |
Coconut, shredded | 20 - 22 |
Coffee bean, green | 32 - 45 |
Coffee bean, roasted | 22 - 30 |
Coffee, ground | 20 |
Coke, calcined, petrol | 35 - 45 |
Copper ore | 135 |
Concrete | 140 - 150 |
Copper oxide | 190 |
Cork, ground | 5 - 15 |
Corn bran | 13 |
Corn cob, ground | 35 |
Corn, cracked | 35 - 40 |
Corn, flaked | 6 |
Corn, gern | 21 |
Corn, gluten | 26 - 33 |
Corn, grits | 40 - 45 |
Corn, ground | 30 - 35 |
Corn, meal | 32 - 40 |
Corn, starch | 25 - 35 |
Corn, sugar, liquid | 88 |
Corn, sugar, powder | 31 |
Corn, whole kernel | 45 |
Cotton blossoms | 15 - 25 |
Cottonseed | 22 - 40 |
Cottonseed hulls | 12 |
Cottonseed meats | 40 |
Cottonseed oil | 58 |
Cottonseed, meal | 35 - 40 |
Cream powder | 38 |
Cullett, glass | 120 |
Dextrin | 50 - 55 |
Dextrose | 31 |
Diatomacaous earth | 11 - 14 |
Dicalcium phosphate | 43 |
Diesel fuel | 52 |
Dirt, dry | 65 - 80 |
Distillars grain | 30 |
Dog food, IAMS minichunk | 26 |
Dolomite, lump | 88 - 99 |
Dolomite, powdered | 45 |
Down, goose | 1 |
Ebonite, crushed | 65 - 70 |
Emery, crushed | 95 |
Epsom salt | 40 - 50 |
Ethanol | 56 |
Ethyl ether | 44 |
Ethylene glycol | 70 |
Expancel microsphere | 0.8 |
Farina | 44 |
Feathers, goose | 1 |
Feed pellets, animal | 32 - 38 |
Feldspar, ground | 65 - 70 |
Ferrous sulphate | 50 - 75 |
Fertilizer, phosphate | 60 |
Fish meal | 25 - 40 |
Flaxseed | 40 - 45 |
Flour, barley | 25 - 230 |
Flour, corn | 30 - 34 |
Flour, patent | 20 |
Flour, wheat | 30 - 35 |
Flourospar | 90 |
Fluff, poly-fim floc | 1.5 - 2 |
Fly ash | 35 - 45 |
Froot loops, kellogs | 8 |
Fullers earth | 35 - 45 |
Gasoline | 45 |
Gelatine, granulated | 32 |
Gilsonite | 37 |
Glass bead | 120 |
Glass cullett crushed | 120 |
Gluten, wheat | 30 - 35 |
Glycerine | 78 |
Golf tees | 15 |
Graphite, ground | 25 - 30 |
Grass seed | 10 - 35 |
Gravel | 75 - 85 |
Grits, corn | 40 - 45 |
Grits, rice | 42 - 45 |
Gun powder | 50 |
Gypsum, lump | 90 - 100 |
Gypsum, powder | 60 - 80 |
Hay | 5 - 24 |
HDPE, polethylene | 35 - 40 |
Hominey | 37 - 50 |
Hops | 35 |
Hops, spent dry | 35 |
Hydrochloric acid | 75 |
Ice, crushed | 55 |
Illmenite, ground | 120 |
Iron chips | 165 |
Iron ore | 150 |
Iron oxide | 180 |
Jet fuel, jp4 | 51 |
Kafir | 40 - 45 |
Kalsomine, powder | 32 |
Kaoline, crushed | 20 - 22 |
Kerosene | 51 |
Lactose | 32 |
LDPE, polyethylene | 35 |
Lead oxide | 30 - 150 |
Liginite | 40 - 55 |
Lima beans dry | 45 |
Lime, hydreated | 25 - 30 |
Lime, pebble | 55 - 65 |
Lime, quicklime | 25 - 30 |
Lime, slaked | 32 |
Limestone, crushed | 85 - 95 |
Limestone, dust | 68 |
Linseed oil | 58 |
Linseed, kernel | 25 |
Maize, kernel | 45 |
Malt sugar | 30 - 35 |
Malt, dry, whole | 30 - 35 |
Malt, ground, dry | 20 |
Malt, spent, damp | 55 - 65 |
Malt, spent, dry | 10 |
Maltodextrin powder | 35 |
Manganese ore | 134 |
Manganese sulphate | 69 |
Maple syrup | 85 |
Marble, crushed | 85 - 95 |
Menthol | 49 |
Metal dust | 50 - 120 |
Methanol | 49 |
Methyl alcohol | 49 |
Mica | 13 - 30 |
Milk powder | 15 - 20 |
Milk sugar | 32 |
Miller, ground | 35 |
Millet seed | 48 |
Mineral oil | 57 |
Mineral spirits | 49 |
Molybdenum, floc | 10 - 12 |
Monosodium phosphate | 50 |
Mortar, wet | 137 |
Muriate of potash | 77 |
Mustard seed | 45 |
Naphthalene | 56 |
Napthalene flakes | 45 |
Navy beans, dry | 48 |
Nitrate of soda | 68 |
Nitric acid | 94 |
Nitrocellulose | 25 |
Nylon | 35 - 45 |
Oat flour | 30 - 35 |
Oat hulls | 8 - 12 |
Oat meal | 35 - 40 |
Oat middlings | 35 - 45 |
Oats | 25 - 35 |
Oats, bran | 25 |
Oats, ground | 25 - 30 |
Oats, rolled | 24 |
Octane | 45 |
Oil, linseed | 58 |
Oil, olive | 57 |
Oil, petroleum, crude | 53 |
Oil, sperm whale | 57 |
Oil, transformer | 55 |
Oil, turpentine | 54 |
Oxalic acid, crystals | 60 |
Oyster shells, ground | 53 |
Paper, shreaded | 5 - 12 |
Paraffin wax | 45 |
PC, polycarbonate | 34 - 36 |
Peanut shell refuse | 4 |
Peanuts, shelled | 35 - 45 |
Peanuts, unshelled | 15 - 24 |
Peas, dry | 45 - 50 |
Peat | 25 - 50 |
Perlite, expanded | 3 |
Petroleum oil | 51 |
Phosphate rock, crushed | 60 - 80 |
Phosphate sand | 90 - 100 |
Plaster of Paris | 50 - 55 |
Plastic pellet | 34 - 48 |
Polyethylene, pellet | 34 - 36 |
Polyvinyl chloride, powder | 30 |
Polyethylene pellet | 35 - 37 |
Polypropylene powder | 25 |
Polypropylene, pellet | 34 - 36 |
Polystyrene, expanded beads | 1.5 |
Polystyrene, pellet | 40 |
Polyvinyl chloride, pellet | 48 - 52 |
Popcorn, popped | 2 - 3 |
Popcorn, shelled | 45 - 50 |
Potash | 50 - 60 |
Potasium chloride | 2 - 3 |
Potassium carbonate | 45 - 50 |
Potassium chloride | 75 |
Potassium nitrate | 76 |
Potassium sulphate | 42 - 48 |
Potato flake | 12 |
Potato starch | 40 |
Pumice | 40 - 45 |
PVC polyvinyl chloride | 48 - 52 |
Quartz, sand | 80 - 100 |
Rape seed | 45 - 50 |
Rice | 45 - 50 |
Rice bran | 20 |
Rice flour | 30 |
Rice grits | 42 - 45 |
Rock crushed | 134 |
Rubber, ground | 25 - 50 |
Rye | 44 |
Rye, flour | 30 |
Salt, coarse crushed | 45 - 55 |
Salt, granulated | 70 - 80 |
Saltpeter | 75 |
Sand, damp | 100 |
Sand, dry | 80 - 100 |
Sand, loose | 90 |
Sand with gravel, dry | 108 |
Sand with gravel, wet | 125 |
Sand, rammed | 105 |
Sand, silica | 95 |
Sand, water filled | 120 |
Sand, wet | 120 |
Sand, wet, packed | 130 |
Sandstone, crushed | 80 - 95 |
Sawdust | 4 - 12 |
Sea water | 64 |
Semolina | 35 - 40 |
Sesame seed | 27 - 37 |
Shellac powder | 30 - 35 |
Silica flour | 35 - 40 |
Silica gel | 30 - 45 |
Silica sand | 95 |
Slag, furnace | 60 |
Slakes lime | 32 |
Slate, crushed | 80 - 90 |
Soap powder | 20 - 25 |
Soda ash | 30 - 45 |
Sodium bicarbonate | 41 |
Sodium chloride | 70 |
Sodium hydroxide, flake | 47 |
Sodium nitrate | 68 - 80 |
Sodium sulphate | 80 |
Sorghum seed | 42 - 50 |
Soybean flour | 27 - 35 |
Soybean hulls | 6 |
Soybean meal | 36 - 50 |
Soybean, flakes | 18 - 25 |
Soybean, whole | 47 |
Soybeean, cracked | 35 |
Spelt flour | 25 - 30 |
Starch powder | 25 - 35 |
Steel, chips | 150 |
Sucrose - crystal | 99 |
Sucrose - amorphous | 94 |
Sugar, brown | 45 |
Sugar, dextrose, powder | 50 |
Sugar, granulated | 53 |
Sugar, milk | 32 |
Sugar, powdered | 50 - 60 |
Sugar, raw | 55 - 65 |
Sulfuric acid | 112 |
Sulphur, crushed | 55 - 70 |
Sunflower seed | 36 |
Talcum powder | 4 - 62 |
Tar | 72 |
Tea leaves | 12 |
Terephalic acid powder | 45 |
Timothy seed | 36 |
Tin oxide | 100 |
Titanium dioxide | 40 - 50 |
Tobacco, flake | 2 - 5 |
Toulene | 54 |
Transmission oil | 54 |
Trisodium phosphate | 50 - 60 |
Urea, prill | 34 - 42 |
Vermiculite ore | 80 |
Vermiculite, expanded | 17 |
Walnut meats | 25 |
Walnut shells, ground | 40 - 45 |
Water | 62 |
Wax | 15 - 20 |
Wheat bran | 12 |
Wheat gluten | 30 - 35 |
Wheat, craked | 35 - 45 |
Wheat, flaked | 7 - 10 |
Wheat, flour | 30 - 35 |
Wheat, ground | 40 |
Wheat, whole kernel | 45 - 55 |
Whey powder | 35 - 46 |
Woodchips | 20 - 30 |
Wood flour | 15 - 25 |
Wood shavings | 3 - 10 |
Xanthum gum | 48 |
Zinc ore | 125 |
Zinc oxide | 10 - 30 |
Zinc, calcined, crushed | 70 - 90 |
- 1 lb/ft3 = 27 lb/yd3 = 0.009259 oz/in3 = 0.0005787 lb/in3 = 16.01845 kg/m3 = 0.01602 g/cm3 = 0.1605 lb/gal(UK) = 0.1349 lb/gal(US liq) = 2.5687 oz/gal(UK) = 2.1389 oz/gal(US liq) = 0.01205 ton(long)/yd3 = 0.0135 ton(short)/yd3
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Energy Density Of Paraffin Wax
Thermal Investigation of Paraffin Wax for Low-Temperature Application
V. Karthikeya,Chatchai Sirisamphanwong,Sukruedee Sukchai
Abstract
Paraffin wax is an effective thermal energy storage material which changes solid to liquid phase during charging mode and liquid to solid phase for discharging mode. In this paper, two types of paraffin wax ; paraffin A and B were examined by accelerating the 100 thermal cycles; heating and cooling to verify the thermal stability and degradation mechanism of the thermal property. Digital scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used for both paraffin waxes in order to investigate the variation in melting temperature and latent heat of fusion in the 0th and 100th thermal cycle. Paraffin A and B melting temperature were stable in 0th and 100th thermal cycle as well as no noticeable variation on paraffin A latent heat of fusion in preliminary investigation whereas paraffin B showed wide variation in latent heat of fusion from 0th and 100th charging mode which was from 130.0 J/g to 203.0 J/g. It was a massive enhancement on energy density. The results showed that the paraffin B enabled high energy density than paraffin A. However, paraffin A latent heat of fusion remained stable during the investigation as well as relatively 0.02 g material evaporation was noticed. From this investigation, it was found that both paraffin wax were suitable for low thermal application.
Volume 11 | 05-Special Issue
Energy Density Of Wax Paper
Pages: 1437-1443